Easy to Transform Pagers into Explosive Devices: Expert

A pager contains three of the five components required to make an explosive device.
  • Defensemirror.com bureau
  • 10:08 AM, September 18, 2024
  • 1196
Easy to Transform Pagers into Explosive Devices: Expert
Exploded pagers in Lebanon @via X

Transforming a pager, an old-school communication tool, into an explosive device is relatively simple because it already contains three of the five essential components needed.

The five components are: a container, a battery, a triggering device, a detonator, and an explosive charge.

"A pager includes three of these components. You would only need to add the detonator and the explosive charge," said Sean Moorhouse, a former British Army officer and explosive ordnance expert, according to AFP.

The explosions reportedly killed at least nine people, including a child, and injured thousands of Hezbollah operatives and civilians in both Lebanon and Syria. Lebanese Health Minister Firass Abiad said Tuesday that the blasts wounded 2,800 people, 200 of them critically.

The attack, attributed to Israel’s Mossad, has raised concerns of a looming ground war between Israel and the Shia militant group, which dominates parts of Lebanon.

Supply-chain Infiltration?

According to a report by Al-Monitor, Hezbollah had procured thousands of pagers to avoid Israel’s interception of cell phone communications. These pagers, considered harder to track than smartphones, had been infiltrated by Israeli intelligence over the course of several months.

Explosive devices, including 20 grams of Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), were reportedly hidden within the pagers before they were distributed to Hezbollah operatives.

"This was more than lithium batteries being forced into override," Charles Lister of the Middle East Institute was quoted as saying by Al-Monitor. "A small plastic explosive was almost certainly concealed alongside the battery, for remote detonation via a call or page."

He claimed that Israel's spy agency "Mossad infiltrated the supply chain.”

A supply chain compromise is certain, as experts noted that pagers typically use AA, AAA, or lithium-ion batteries, which are not usually capable of causing explosions on their own.

Easy to Transform Pagers into Explosive Devices: Expert
Exploding pager caught on camera @via X

Deepa Kundur, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Toronto, suspects a “supply chain deployment” attack, as per Fortune. In this scenario, the perpetrator would embed an explosive charge in a critical component during the supply chain process, unbeknownst to the final vendor. The explosive could remain dormant in the pager for months or years, detonating when a specific message triggers the modified part.

Explosive-Ridden Pagers Nearly Discovered by Hezbollah

The attack came after two Hezbollah members became suspicious of the newly acquired pagers. One of them was killed in the explosion, while the other believed the devices were merely damaged and planned to report this to his superiors. Israel was faced with three strategic choices: initiate a ground war and detonate the devices during the conflict, trigger the explosives before hostilities began to cripple Hezbollah’s logistics, or delay and risk the discovery of the operation. Ultimately, the second option was chosen, catching Hezbollah off guard and inflicting significant damage on its personnel.

Taiwan-origin Pager was Produced by Hungarian company

Manufactured in Taiwan under the Gold Apollo brand, the devices were actually produced by a Hungarian firm, BAC Consulting, which had licensed the branding rights. The pagers were primarily of the AP924 model, although other models were also involved.

The exact number of pagers involved in the attack remains uncertain, with estimates ranging between three and five thousand devices.

Gold Apollo founder Hsu Ching-Kuang told reporters that his company did not manufacture the pagers involved. Gold Apollo had been collaborating with BAC for about three years, interested in leveraging BAC's engineering to produce pagers under Gold Apollo’s brand. Hsu had only communicated with BAC’s chief via video calls. Founded in 1995, Gold Apollo sells alphanumeric pagers and restaurant beepers.

Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs stated that the pagers were likely modified, noting that the battery used has only the capacity of an AA battery and thus should not cause death or injury from an explosion.

Long-Term Planning Involved in Carrying Out This Coordinated Operation

Initial reports from Israeli media confirmed Mossad’s involvement, suggesting that the explosive devices had been planted in the pagers five months ago before they were distributed to Hezbollah. The devices, originally intended for use by medical personnel such as doctors and nurses, detonated remotely in a sophisticated operation.

Easy to Transform Pagers into Explosive Devices: Expert
Exploded pagers in Lebanon @via X

On Tuesday afternoon, the pagers beeped before exploding almost simultaneously across Hezbollah's networks around 3.30 p.m., causing widespread casualties. Some reports suggested that a minor error message might have triggered the explosions. “The pagers functioned perfectly for six months,” said Elijah J. Magnier, a veteran political risk analyst. “What triggered the explosion appeared to be an error message sent to all the devices.”

The scale of the operation suggests long-term planning and intelligence gathering. Carlos Perez, director of security intelligence at TrustedSec, stated that the devices likely functioned normally for a considerable time before the attack. “By the time of the attack, the battery was probably half-explosive and half-actual battery,” Perez said. Experts, including N.R. Jenzen-Jones of the Armament Research Services, stressed the potential complications involved in an operation of this nature. “How can the party initiating the explosive be sure that a target’s child, for example, is not playing with the pager at the time it functions?” Jenzen-Jones questioned.

Hezbollah Vows Revenge

In the aftermath of the attack, Hezbollah has vowed retaliation. In a statement, the group confirmed that at least two members were killed in the bombings, including the son of a Hezbollah member of parliament Ali Ammar. “We hold the Israeli enemy fully responsible for this criminal aggression that also targeted civilians,” Hezbollah said, adding that Israel would “for sure get its just punishment.”

Hezbollah would have to reassess its communication strategies after the attack. Survivors will likely discard pagers, phones, and other electronic devices, potentially straining the group's operational capabilities.

Israel Kept U.S. in the Dark Regarding the Attack

Israel did not inform its closest ally, the United States, of the operation until after it was completed. "I can tell you that the U.S. was not involved in it, the U.S, was not aware of this incident in advance and, at this point, we're gathering information," State Department spokesman Matthew Miller told reporters.

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